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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<package unique-identifier="uid">
<metadata>
<dc-metadata xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core" xmlns:oebpackage="http://openebook.org/namespaces/oeb-package/1.0/">
<dc:Identifier id="uid">DBMYVDRLPO</dc:Identifier>
<dc:Title>Space Encyclopedia</dc:Title>
<dc:Creator>Mobipocket</dc:Creator>
<dc:Date>14/08/2001</dc:Date>
<dc:Copyrights></dc:Copyrights>
<dc:Publisher></dc:Publisher>
<dc:Subject></dc:Subject>
<dc:Language>fr</dc:Language></dc-metadata>
<x-metadata/>
</metadata>
<manifest>
<item id="main" href="main.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="mercury" href="mercury.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="venus" href="venus.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="earth" href="earth.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="moon" href="moon.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="mars" href="mars.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="jupiter" href="jupiter.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="saturne" href="saturn.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="neptune" href="neptune.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="pluto" href="pluto.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="uranus" href="uranus.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="index" href="index.htm" media-type="text/x-oeb1-document"/>
<item id="img1" href="mercury.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
<item id="img2" href="venus.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
<item id="img3" href="earth3.png" media-type="image/png"/>
<item id="img4" href="moon.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
<item id="img5" href="mars.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
<item id="img6" href="jupiter.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
<item id="img7" href="saturn.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
<item id="img8" href="neptune.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
<item id="img9" href="pluto.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
<item id="img10" href="uranus.jpg" media-type="image/jpg"/>
</manifest>
<spine>
<itemref idref="main"/>
<itemref idref="mercury"/>
<itemref idref="venus"/>
<itemref idref="earth"/>
<itemref idref="moon"/>
<itemref idref="mars"/>
<itemref idref="jupiter"/>
<itemref idref="saturne"/>
<itemref idref="uranus"/>
<itemref idref="neptune"/>
<itemref idref="pluto"/>
<itemref idref="index"/>
</spine>
<tours>
</tours>
<guide>
</guide>
</package>
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<html >
<head >
<title >Because of the vast amount of water Earth is called the blue planet</title>
</head>
<body >
<mbp:pagebreak/>
<tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center" >Earth</h1>
</tei-ms:orth>
</tei-ms:entry>
<div align="center" title="Because of the vast amount of water, Earth is called the blue planet."> <img src="earth3.png" ></div>
<p ><b class="first" >T</b>hat it teems with life makes Earth a precious oddity
among the planets-although just how off, scientists cannot say. Certainly the
conditions that made life possible were sensitive to the planet's surface
temperature and therefore to its distance from the sun.</p>
<p >Abundant liquid water was critical to the planet's evolution. This water
moderated temperatures, eroded rocks, dissolved minerals and supported complex
chemical reactions, some of which yielded single-celled life close to four
billion years ago. Macroscopic animals started proliferating only around 600
million years ago, eons after photosynthesis enriched the atmosphere with oxygen.</p>
<p >Earth's large moon probably formed from the debris after a collision between
early Earth and another huge body. Because the moon and sun appear the same size
from Earth, or planet is the only one to witness the beauty of the sun's corona
during a total eclipse.</p>
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<html>
<head>
<title>Index</title>
</head>
<body>
<mbp:pagebreak/>
<h1 align="center">Index</h1>
<br/>
<tei-ms:entry>
<p><tei-ms:orth><b>Calippusyclus</b></tei-ms:orth>
<br>
A cyclus used by the Greeks in their timesystem which was based on the movement of the moon and the sun, it lasts 76 years or 940 lunations, this is 27759 days. The cyclus started 330 B.C. and was used by astronomers for two centuries.
</p>
</tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry>
<p><tei-ms:orth><b>Callisto</b><tei-ms:orth>
<br>
Satelite (moon) of the planet <a href="jupiter.htm">Jupiter</a>.</p>
</tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry>
<p><tei-ms:orth><b>Catastrophetheory</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
Theory that says that during the geological past of earth, life was periodicaly distroyed by large, global catastrophies (earthquakes, vulcanic eruptions, floods) to return in a different form.
</p>
</tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry>
<p><tei-ms:orth><b>Cepheides</b></tei-ms:orth>
<br>
Name for two totally different groups of object:
a. a at 15 november occuring meteorswarm in the sign of the zodiac Cepheus
b. a class of pulsing changing stars named after 5 Cephei, the prototype of the Cepheis.
</p>
</tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Ceres</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
One of the brightest planetoids, the first to be discovered ( by Piazzi at
Palermo at 1 jan. 1801).</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Chandler, period of</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
The period with which the rotation of the earth is counterclockwise around <a href="earth.htm">
Earths</a> axis.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Chandrasekharlimit</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
Named after S. Chandrasekhar, the maximum mass for white dwarfs. When the mass becomes larger then this critical mass (approx. 1,4 solarmasses), the star will colapse into a neutronstar or a black hole due to the fact that there can't be a hydrostatic balance.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Chiron</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
A object rotating around the sun, discovered at the first of november 1977 by C. Kowal, with an estimated diametre of 500 km.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Chromosphere</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
One of the layers in the atmosphere of the sun of other stars, lying ontop
of the photosphere.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Cluster</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
A group of physiologicaly the same stars. A cluster or swarm of galaxies means such a group of extragalactic systems, containing 100-10000 galaxies, for instance the Comacluster and the Virgocluster. A group of clusters form a supercluster.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>Coma</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
The thin gascloud which is located around the core of a comet.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Comacluster</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
A very large spacious group of extragalactic galaxies in the sign of the zodiac Hoofdhaar van Bernice.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Comet</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
See : <a href="main.htm">solarsystem</a></p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Compton-effect</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
The difusion of x-rays to free electrons, during which these are submitted
to a revulsion and take over part of te impulse and energy of the radiation.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Conjunction</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
Scematic representation of both conjunctions of <a href="mercury.htm">Mercury</a>, the (upper)conjunction of
<a href="mars.htm"> Mars</a> and the (lower)conjunction of the <a href="moon.htm">Moon</a>.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Corona</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
A vast, thin and hot gasshell around certain types of stars, among which the sun. The suns corona can be seen as a garland of rays during a total solar eclipse.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Cosmic radiation</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
Radiation that penetrates the atmosphere of the earth as primary radiation,
where it reacts with the atmosphere and forms secundary radiation.</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Cosmos</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
An acronym for 'the universe'</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Cosmology</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
The study of everthing there is to know about the universe</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Crab nebula</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
Luminescent nebula in the sign of the zodiac Bull, made up from remnants of
a supernova, that, according to chinese history, take place in the year 1054.
These remnants have been identified as comming from a supernova</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Cygnides</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
Swarm of meteorites with radiant in the sign of the zodiac Swan (Cygnus).</p></tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:entry><p><tei-ms:orth>
<b>
Cygnus A</b></tei-ms:orth><br>
The first dotshaped radiosource discovered(1 946), located in the sign of the zodiac Swan.</p></tei-ms:entry>
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<html >
<head >
</head>
<body >
<mbp:pagebreak/>
<tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center" >Jupiter</h1></tei-ms:orth>
</tei-ms:entry>
<br >
<div align="center" title="The Great Red Spot is clearly visible in this picture."><img src="jupiter.jpg"></div>
<p ><b class="first" >T</b>he fifth planet orbiting the sun at a distance 5.2
times the distance of Earth to the Sun, Jupiter forms a planetary system within
itself. Scientifically believed to have almost evolved into a star, Jupiter
still holds nuclear processes within, proving indications that Jupiter is a true
planet.</p>
<p >With a rotation speed of 90,000 km/hr, Jupiter rotates around its axis in
only 9 hours and 50 Earth minutes. Spinning at such an incredible pace, Jupiter
forms visible dark and light belts of clouds.</p>
<p >Underneath these clouds, exists no physical surface without a true solid
body-only liquid and breaks of solidity. The majority of Jupiter is composed of
liquid hydrogen and helium that form a swirling of the phases of matter at a
temperature of 30000 degrees Celcius at a pressure 30 million times that of
Earth.</p>
<p >An example of Jupiter's surface structure is the Great Red Spot. Existing for
at least 3 centuries, the Red Spot swirls as a gigantic oval in Jupiter's
southern hemisphere. Rotating within itself, the Great Red Spot, swirls with a
size greater than Earth every 12 days.</p>
<p >Phenomenally, Jupiter liquid core shrinks at a rate of 1mm per year.</p>
<p >Jupiter's own system of satellites, currently are numbered to contain 14.
Jupiter's personal solar system grew from dust particles that formed near the
Sun and others from the close asteroid belt, which got drawn to the giant planet
by gravity.</p>
<p >The inner five: Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are bright stars
on Earth's horizon and are of the most value to space exploration.</p>
<center >
<table inline="true" bgcolor="#ffffcc" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1">
<tr >
<td >Almathea.</td>
<td >A small satellite estimated at 160km diameter, with an extremely red
surface.</td>
</tr>
<tr >
<td >Io.</td>
<td >Approximately 3640km in diameter, the satellite is slightly larger
than our Moon. Active volcanoes eject sulfurous fumes. As Io orbits
Jupiter, it carries round with it a cloud of gas that simulates a
primitive atmosphere.</td>
</tr>
<tr >
<td >Europa.</td>
<td >is considerably smaller than Io, measuring 3060km diameter. It is not
known to possess an atmosphere. Its surface appears to be completely by
water ice with possible indications of life from the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory's Galileo mission.</td>
</tr>
<tr >
<td >Ganymede.</td>
<td >Jupiter's largest known orbiting satellite.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
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<head >
</head>
<body >
<tei-ms:entry>
<h1 align="center" >The <tei-ms:orth>Solar System</tei-ms:orth></h1>
</tei-ms:entry>
<div align="center" title="The outer planets also called Jovian planets are: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto."><img src="outer.jpg" /></div>
<p ><b class="first" >T</b>he Solar System can be divided into two planetary
divisions. Divided based upon the distance from the Sun and physical <a href="" >characteristics</a>,
the inner planets are termed terrestrial while the outer are respectively
termed Jovian planets.</p>
<p >Similar to the morphology of <a href="earth.htm">Earth</a>, the terrestrial planets include <a href="mercury.htm" >Mercury</a>,
<a href="venus.htm" >Venus</a>, <a href="earth.htm" >Earth</a>,
<a href="moon.htm" >Moon</a> and <a href="mars.htm" >Mars</a>.</p>
<p >Characteristically, the inner planets share comparable sizes, densities,
and structures. The composition of these worlds is rocky in nature with
high boiling points. Originating from a concentration of hydrogen and
helium gas and dust, the Solar System with terrestrial planets emerged.</p>
<p >Further, the light compounds that formed the terrestrial planets soon
vaporized by their close proximity to the Sun’s heat.</p>
<p >Between the orbits of <a href="mars.htm"> Mars</a> and <a href="jupiter.htm"> Jupiter</a> float numerous celestial bodies:
the asteroids.</p>
<p >&nbsp;</p>
<p ><b class="first" >C</b>oincidentally, the Jovian planets retained the
lighter and colder gases within their compositions because of their
distance.</p>
<p >Moreover, the Jovian planets seem far more massive than the closer
planets and are able to hold hydrogen, water, ammonia, and methane within
their icy atmospheres.</p>
<p >The Jovian planets are <a href="jupiter.htm" >Jupiter</a>,
<a href="saturn.htm" >Saturn</a>, <a href="uranus.htm" >Uranus</a>,
<a href="neptune.htm">Neptune</a> and <a href="pluto.htm" >Pluto</a>.</p>
<p >Outside <a href="pluto.htm"> Pluto's</a> orbit the comets reside. Every year we see them when a couple move close to the
<a href="earth.htm"> Earth</a></p>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
</head>
<body>
<mbp:pagebreak />
<tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:orth> <h1 align="center">Mars</h1></tei-ms:orth>
</tei-ms:entry>
<br>
<div align="center" title="This photo shows Mars'remarkable red surface."><img src="mars.jpg" /></div>
<p><b class="first">T</b>he fourth planet from the Sun (227,940,000 km), Mars is
our solar systems Red Planet.</p>
<p>With recent explorations to the planet by the Mars Global Surveyor and the
Mars Pathfinder missions, a portal has been opened to a planet that could
possibly sustain primitive live Martians.</p>
<p>Temperatures on the Martian surface range widely from -135 degrees C to 27
degrees C during winter at the ice capped poles. The poles, containing bright
crystallized ice are composed of solid carbon dioxide or dry ice. Since,
missions to Mars have begun to transform into a scientific reality, the Martian
landscape had to be thoroughly examined for possible landing sites. Although a
possible ancient living ground, the Martian surface still holds expanses of
plains, ridges, and rift valleys.</p>
<center>
<table inline="true" bgcolor="#ffffcc" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1">
<tr>
<td>Olympus Mons</td>
<td>The largest known mountain in the Solar System at a height of 24 km
and a base of more than 500 km in diameter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tharsis</td>
<td>A huge extension of the surface that is approximately 4000 km across
and about 10 km high</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Valles Marineris</td>
<td>A group of canyons and craters that span 4000 km long of the planet's
surface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hellas Planitia</td>
<td>An exaan impact crater in the southern hemisphere over 6 km deep and
2000 km in diameter</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<p>Mars has a very thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide (95.3%), nitrogen
(2.7%), argon (1.6%) with traces of oxygen (0.15%) and water (0.03%).</p>
<p>The pressure on the surface is only one percent of that of <a href="earth.htm">Earth's</a>, but the
pressure varies greatly throughout the Martian landscape.</p>
Mars is closely orbited by two tiny satellites: Phobos and Deimos.
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<head >
<title >The Northern hemisphere is clearly visible on this photo</title>
</head>
<body >
<mbp:pagebreak />
<tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center" >Mercury</h1></tei-ms:orth>
</tei-ms:entry>
<br />
<div align="center" title="The Northern hemisphere is clearly visible on this photo"> <img src="mercury.jpg" ></div>
<p ><b class="first" >T</b>he closest planet to the Sun with a mean distance of 58
million kilometers. Revolving around the Sun every 88 days and rotating around
its own axis every 56 Earth days, Mercury has only recently begun to be studied
thoroughly.</p>
<p >Counter to the planet's name, based upon theoretical evidence, Mercury
probably would contain iron and nickel.</p>
<p >Caused by deviating temperatures, Mercury's surface is covered with a layer
of reddish iron dust. These metals, combined from the solar particles of the
Sun, thus contribute to Mercury's high density compared to Mars, Venus, and the
Earth.</p>
<p >The enormous range in temperatures cause erosion of exposed rock, which
contributes to the layer of dust, which cloaks the surface. Deviating from a
boiling 430 degrees Celcius during the day and -180 degrees Celcius during the
planet's night cycle, Mercury does not follow expectations.</p>
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<head >
<title >Moon</title>
</head>
<body >
<mbp:pagebreak/>
<tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center" >Moon</h1></tei-ms:orth>
</tei-ms:entry>
<br />
<div align="center" title="The only object apart from Earth mankind ever stood on."><img src="moon.jpg" /></div>
<p ><b class="first" >A</b> lthough most known planets have many moons or
satellites, the <a href="earth.htm">Earth</a>’s own Moon has been studied in the most detail with his
close proximity. The Moon is one-fourth the size of <a href="earth.htm"> Earth</a> and so the pull of
gravity on the lunar surface is approximately one-sixth of that on <a href="earth.htm">Earth</a>.</p>
<p >Recent expeditions, mainly by the satellite Clementine have led to the
discovery of a frozen ice formations at the poles of the Moon; however, the Moon
does not have free water nor an atmosphere, which causes a static state of
weather.</p>
<p >Revolving about the <a href="earth.htm"> Earth</a> approximately every 27 days, the Moon is 384,403 km
(238,857 mi).</p>
<p >While the origin of our companion Moon remains in debate, the most probably
theory of formation is the planetesimal impact. Stated within this theory is
that the Moon originally grew from the dust particles of an original nebulae
that formed the <a href="earth.htm"> Earth</a> and the rest of the Solar System.</p>
<p >As the <a href="earth.htm"> Earth</a> had begun its first rotations, the Moon spun off and because of
its smaller mass, it was grabbed by gravitation into eternal revolution about
the <a href="earth.htm">Earth</a>. This theory has been repeatedly been proven by the similarity between
the densities of the <a href="earth.htm">Earth</a>’s upper crust rocks and Moon rocks.</p>
<p >Still, with NASA budget cuts, missions to our closest neighbor have become
rare, leaving many Moon colonization plans to be canceled.</p>
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<head >
<title >Netpune</title>
</head>
<body >
<mbp:pagebreak>
<tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center" >Neptune</h1></tei-ms:orth>
</tei-ms:entry>
<br />
<div align="center" title="Neptune is the fourth largest planet in our Solar-system."><img src="neptune.jpg" /></div>
<p ><b class="first" >N</b>eptune, fourth largest of the planets in the solar
system, and eighth major planet in order of increasing distance from the sun.
The mean distance of Neptune from the sun is 4.5 billion km, and its mean linear
diameter is approximately 49,400 km, or about 3.8 times that of the earth.</p>
<p >Its volume is about 72 times, its mass 17 times, and its mean density 0.31
that of the <a href="earth.htm">earth</a>. The period of rotation is about 16 hr, and the period of
revolution about the sun is 164.79 earth years. The average stellar magnitude of
the planet is 7.8, and it is therefore never visible to the naked eye, but it
can be observed in a small telescope as a small, round, greenish-blue disk
without definite surface markings.</p>
<p >The temperature of the surface of Neptune is about -218 degrees C , much like
<a href="uranus.htm">Uranus</a>, which is more than 1 billion miles closer to the sun. Scientists assume,
therefore, that Neptune must have some internal heat source. The atmosphere
consists mostly of hydrogen and helium, but the presence of up to three percent
methane gives the planet its striking blue color.</p>
<p >Eight known satellites orbit Neptune, two of which are observable from earth.
The largest and brightest is Triton, discovered in 1846, the same year Neptune
was first observed. Triton, with a diameter of 2705 km, is only slightly smaller
than earth's moon. It has a retrograde orbit-that is, opposite its primary's
direction of rotation-unlike any other major satellite in the solar system.
Despite its extreme coldness, Triton has a nitrogen atmosphere with some methane
and some form of haze, and it displays an active surface of geysers that spout
an unknown subsurface material.</p>
<p >Nereid, the second satellite, has a diameter of only about 320 km. Neptune is
also circled by five thin rings. Further, its magnetic field is tilted more than
50 degrees to the rotation axis.</p>
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<head>
</head>
<body>
<mbp:pagebreak>
<tei-ms:entry>
<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center" >Pluto</h1></tei-ms:orth>
</tei-ms:entry>
<br />
<div align="center" title="Pluto is the most distant planet in our Solar-system."><img src="pluto.jpg" /></div>
<p ><b class="first" >T</b>he most distant ninth planet from the Sun, Pluto
appears as 1000 times fainter than its neighbor-planet <a href="neptune.htm">Neptune</a>. Although no
space probes, have actually done extensive research on the planet, many
astrophysicists have determined that Pluto rotates around its axis every 6 days
and 9 hours and has one insignificant moon named Charon.</p>
<p >Hypothetically, Pluto, may have emerged into a planetary formation from a
wayward satellite from the outer asteroid belt. Although, Pluto may actually not
be considered as the true final planet in our Solar System, currently, most
astronomers concur that Pluto should be the final significant planet within the
Solar System. Some however think that Pluto might not even be a real planet, but
a icelump which has accidently gotten the name 'planet'.</p>
<p >Further, as scientists begin to delve into the mysterious layers of Pluto,
they have begun to realize that Pluto may actually lack a true atmosphere. With
an average temperature below -230 degrees C, the gaseous state of the atmosphere
would freeze into a liquid or solid. Pluto itself may not even be a planet but a
big ice-lump!</p>
<p >Although much still needs to be found out about our final planet, Pluto still
has begun to send answers to questioning scientists. Pluto most surely will hold
a world of wonder within its core.</p>
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<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center" >Saturn</h1></tei-ms:orth>
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<br />
<div align="center" title="Saturn's great rings are impressive clouds of dirt."><img src="saturn.jpg" /></div>
<p ><b class="first" >S</b>aturn's rings make it one of the most familiar, and
spectacular images of astronomy, not to mention science fiction. When Galileo
trained a primitive telescope on the planet for the first time in 1610, he was
misled. From the poorly resolved image in his viewfinder, he believed Saturn to
be a triple-system, with a large body in the center and smaller ones on each
side.</p>
<p >The rings may be much younger than the planet itself, and great
mathematicians have found them worthy of contemplation. Laplace and James Clerk
Maxwell calculated that Saturn's rings must consist of many smaller objects.</p>
<p >Although the planet is almost the size of <a href="jupiter.htm">Jupiter</a>, its mass is but one third
as great, giving Saturn the lowest mean density of any solar system object.</p>
<p >As a gas giant, the planet has no single rotation period but rather a variety
depending on latitude. Upper atmosphere clouds travel around the equator in as
little as 10 hours and 10 minutes; clouds in high latitudes may take half and
hour longer to pass across the planet.</p>
<p >Based on gravitational field data, Saturn appears to have a solid core with a
mass equivalent to up to 20 <a href="earth.htm">Earths</a>. As the most oblate planet, the pull of
gravity at its equator is less than three quarters of that at the poles.</p>
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<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center" >Uranus</h1></tei-ms:orth>
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<div align="center" title="Uranus is most likely formed after a collision in the Solar-System." ><img src="uranus.jpg" /></div>
<p ><b class="first" >T</b>he seventh planet from the Sun's corona, Uranus orbits
as a seemingly desolate blue-green disk on the Solar System's horizon.</p>
<p >Revolving about the Sun every 85 Earth years and 17 hours about its 98 degree
axis, Uranus probably had formed during a collision at the edges of the solar
system.</p>
<p >Further, strangely, Uranus rotates about its steep axis opposite to that of <a href="earth.htm" >Earth's</a>. As with most of the distant planets in the solar system, Uranus also
has a magnificent system of rings and moons that accompany its rotations.
Currently, the Voyager mission has discovered 15 moons and 11 rings that hover
about the blue planet.</p>
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<title >The very hot surface of Venus makes life impossible</title>
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<tei-ms:orth><h1 align="center">Venus</h1></tei-ms:orth>
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<div align="center" title="The very hot surface of Venus makes life impossible"><img src="venus.jpg"></div>
<p ><b class="first" >T</b>he second closest planet to the sun, Venus shines its
bright glow as the morning star.</p>
<p >Covered by layers of sweeping clouds that rise up to 60 km above the planet's
surface, which contain droplets of sulfuric acid, only recently have infrared
detectors been able to scan through the opaque view. Openings, however, show a
view of a world underneath at Venus' north and south poles.</p>
<p >The atmospheric pressure is only one tenth of that on <a href="earth.htm"> Earth</a> and a surface
pressure of 96 bars. Clouded, Venus maintains a constant planetary surface
temperature of 459 degrees Celcius, independent of day or night. Filtering the
sun's light energy, Venus' clouds promote a continual deep freeze throughout the
planet.</p>
<p >Ninety-seven percent of Venus' atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide,
compared <a href="earth.htm"> Earth's</a> seventy-eight percent nitrogen composition. Continuing, since
Venus is closer to the Sun it experienced a runaway green-house effect
that caused the primitive oceans to evaporate into the clouds.</p>
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